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The most common is a "chirping" or "pinging" sound. When sound reflects off a stepped grating, the echo can have interesting effects. It continues to send out sound and receive echoes until it zeroes in on the moth and has a good meal. Their brains are also able to process the sound of the echo coming off a flying moth to determine how far away it is, which direction and how fast it is flying, and the size of the moth. Bats have large ears that are very sensitive to sounds in certain wavelengths. The bat sends a sharp click or chirping sound and then hears and processes any echoes off other objects in the area. Bats can find mothsīats use echoes to find good tasting moths, while flying around at night. Note: Doppler radar works on a similar principle to measure the speed of storms in weather prediction, except that it uses echoes from electromagnetic waves. A sonar device is usually used to calculate the velocity of the object. The Doppler Effect can be used to measure the velocity of an object by comparing the frequency of the sound sent out to the frequency of the sound reflected by in the echo. You have probably experienced the Doppler Effect when you heard how the sound of an ambulance siren changes pitch as it passes by. The faster the object is moving, the greater the change in frequency or pitch. When it is moving away, the pitch gets lower.
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If the object is moving toward you, the frequency or pitch of the sound gets higher.
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(Velocity is the measurement of speed and direction.) When a wave bounces off a moving object, the frequency of the sound changes, according to the relative velocity of the object. Sonar uses sound waves, while radar uses electromagnetic waves. Sonar and radar work on the same principle. That may mean a school of fish are 15 meters away. For example, if the speed of sound in water is 1500 meters per second and the fisherman's sonar device detects an echo in 0.02 seconds, the distance of the object under water will be d = v*t = 1500 meters per second * 0.02 seconds = 30 meters (back and forth). Since this is an electronic device, the time it takes for the wave to return can be much less than the 0.1 second required to hear an echo. The "ping" sound heard in a submarine comes from the sonar device sending out a sound wave under water.įishermen also use sonar to find schools of fish. Submarines use sonar to find objects under the water, including other submarines. Measuring distanceīy knowing the speed of sound and measuring the time it takes to hear the echo, you can calculate the distance of the object.Ī sonar device sends out a sound and automatically calculates the distance of an object. Using echoesĮchoes can be used to tell how far away an object is, how fast the object is moving, and even its shape. That is enough time to be able to distinguish between the noises you made and the reflected sound. (Note that the distance was doubled to show the back and forth motion of the sound.) t = the time it takes the sound to go back and forth.d = the distance the sound wave traveled back and forth,.Since sound travels at approximately 1000 feet per second (or about 300 meters per second) and if the wall was 50 feet (or 15 meters away), the sound would return in 0.1 second.
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If the sound comes back in about 0.1 second or longer, you can readily distinguish the echo. If the wall is relatively flat, perpendicular to the source of the sound, and far enough away (but not too far), then you can hear the reflected waveform or echo. In the case of a sound wave in air hitting a solid wall, most of the sound is reflected. When the wave hits a different material, some of it is reflected, absorbed and transmitted through the material. The sound wave travels through matter-especially air-in a straight line. Sound is a waveform made from vibrating matter.